Pediatrics — all quiz questions in one place
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Which ONE of the following is sufficient to diagnose diabetes mellitus?
A fasting plasma glucose of 112 mg/dL is found in a 12-year-old. How should this be classified?
What does HbA1c reflect, and how often should it be monitored in diabetic patients?
A newly diagnosed 9-year-old with T1DM begins insulin therapy. Three weeks later, his insulin requirements drop significantly and his blood glucose is nearly normal. What is the most likely explanation?
A diabetic child consistently has high blood glucose readings between 5–9 AM. His bedtime blood glucose is normal and there is no documented nocturnal hypoglycemia. What is the most appropriate management?
A diabetic child has episodes of late nocturnal sweating and night terrors, followed by morning hyperglycemia and ketonuria. What is the diagnosis and appropriate treatment?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hypoglycemia in a diabetic child?
What are the lipid goals for monitoring in a diabetic patient?
After 15 years of T1DM, what is the approximate risk of developing retinopathy?
Which comorbid autoimmune condition affects 15–30% of patients with T1DM?
Compared to T1DM, which feature is characteristic of T2DM at presentation?
A 16-year-old nonobese boy presents with mild hyperglycemia. His HbA1c is at the upper limit of normal, he has never had DKA, and his grandfather and father both have diabetes diagnosed before age 25. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 4-month-old infant presents with hyperglycemia. Genetic testing reveals a KCNJ11 mutation. What is the most appropriate treatment?
A young girl with newly diagnosed T1DM presents with vulvar itching and a white discharge. Which presentation of T1DM does this represent?
Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
T1DM is the most common form of diabetes in patients aged ≤19 years. Approximately what fraction of new diabetes diagnoses in this age group does it account for?
The age of presentation of childhood-onset T1DM follows a bimodal distribution. Which of the following correctly identifies both peaks?
A 38-year-old man presents with early hyperglycemia, no ketoacidosis, and a gradual onset of ketosis. Which entity best describes this presentation?
What are the major genetic determinants of susceptibility to T1DM?
A child's father was diagnosed with T1DM at age 8. What is the approximate risk that this child will develop T1DM?
Which of the following environmental factors has been shown to DECREASE the risk of developing T1DM?
Which autoantibody is the MOST COMMONLY found in T1DM patients?
A patient is found to have 3 detectable islet cell autoantibodies. What is their approximate risk of developing T1DM?
After what percentage of β-cell destruction does clinical hyperglycemia and diagnosable diabetes develop?
In a patient with insulin deficiency, increased lipolysis leads to which of the following consequences?
At what serum glucose level does glycosuria typically begin?
A 7-year-old girl presents with a 10-day history of polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, and fatigue. Blood glucose is 320 mg/dL. Which is the most likely diagnosis and the classic clinical presentation type?
Delayed puberty in males is defined as absence of pubertal development by what age?
Which condition is LEAST likely to present with delayed puberty?
A 14-year-old boy is more than 2 standard deviations below his mid-parental height target. He has a bone age of 12 years and a completely normal history and physical examination. What is the most likely diagnosis?
What characterizes the bone age in constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP)?
Which condition is NOT an indication for growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy?
Kallmann syndrome is characterized by which combination of features?
Turner syndrome (45,X) causes delayed puberty through which mechanism?
Which of the following systemic diseases can cause delayed puberty through hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?
Which of the following investigations would be most helpful in distinguishing central from peripheral precocious puberty?
Which investigation is considered the gold standard for confirming central precocious puberty?
Which correctly describes the hormonal cascade of puberty?
At what approximate body weight does puberty begin in girls?
Which testicular cell produces Inhibin B, which exerts negative feedback on FSH secretion?
What is the first physical sign of puberty in boys?
At which Tanner stage does the growth spurt begin in males, and when does it reach maximum velocity?
What is the correct sequence of pubertal development in males?
What is the first physical sign of puberty in girls?
At what average age does breast budding (thelarche) occur in girls?
How long after breast budding does menarche typically occur?
A girl at breast Stage IV of Tanner staging. Which breast finding describes this stage?
At which breast Tanner stage does peak height velocity occur in girls?
Precocious puberty in girls is defined as the onset of secondary sexual characteristics before what age?
Which of the following does NOT meet criteria for precocious puberty or premature pubertal development in a girl?
In gonadotropin-dependent (central) precocious puberty, what is the expected pattern of LH and FSH?
What is the most common cause of precocious puberty in girls?
What is the most common cause of central precocious puberty specifically in girls?
All of the following are causes of central (gonadotropin-dependent) precocious puberty EXCEPT:
Which condition is least likely to cause precocious puberty?
An 8-year-old boy develops true central precocious puberty. Which statement about this condition in boys is INCORRECT?
In a boy presenting with precocious puberty, which testicular finding supports a diagnosis of central (gonadotropin-dependent) precocious puberty?
Which of the following best describes premature thelarche?
Which of the following best defines adrenarche?
Pituitary MRI is mandatory in which of the following patients with precocious puberty?
What is the mechanism and treatment of central precocious puberty?
Severe longstanding hypothyroidism can cause precocious puberty through which mechanism?
Premature adrenarche is linked to future development of which conditions?
Which layer of the adrenal cortex is responsible for aldosterone production?
Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the adrenal cortex?
Under normal physiological conditions, cortisol exerts negative feedback by inhibiting which two hormones?
What is the inheritance pattern of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
Which of the following correctly describes the pathophysiological cascade in CAH?
Which enzyme deficiency accounts for more than 90% of CAH cases?
Hyperpigmentation in CAH is caused by:
A newborn with classic salt-wasting CAH would be expected to have which electrolyte pattern?
At what age do salt-wasting symptoms typically appear in classic CAH?
Why do internal reproductive organs remain normal in 46,XX females with classic CAH despite severe virilization of the external genitalia?
A 46,XX infant born with ambiguous genitalia shows nearly male-appearing external genitalia but no palpable testes. What Prader score does this correspond to?
A child with untreated CAH is initially taller than peers but ends up with short adult stature. What is the mechanism?
Which of the following is the hallmark biochemical marker of 21-hydroxylase deficiency?
What is the hallmark hormonal pattern in 21-hydroxylase deficiency?
In classic CAH, approximately what percentage of affected infants have the salt-wasting form versus the simple virilizing form?
A male infant with simple virilizing CAH is most likely to present with which of the following?
Which feature differentiates the simple virilizing form of CAH from the salt-wasting form?
Which of the following clinical features is characteristic of the nonclassic (late-onset) form of 21-hydroxylase deficiency in females?
What is the first step in the initial laboratory evaluation of a suspected CAH case with adrenal crisis?
Pelvic ultrasonography in a 46,XX infant with ambiguous genitalia from CAH is expected to show:
What is the primary goal of hormonal treatment in CAH?
Which drug is used to replace aldosterone in the salt-wasting form of CAH?
A child with known CAH develops a fever of 39°C. What is the appropriate sick-day management for mild-to-moderate stress?
The 11β-hydroxylase deficiency differs from 21-hydroxylase deficiency most importantly in that:
Which laboratory finding would help distinguish 11β-hydroxylase deficiency from 21-hydroxylase deficiency?
In 17α-hydroxylase deficiency, which statement is correct?
Which combination of features is unique to 17α-hydroxylase deficiency compared to the other major types of CAH?
Which of the following best summarizes the differences between the three major CAH types?