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What is the definition of menarche?
What are the two major parts of the adrenal gland?
What hormone does each zone of the adrenal cortex produce?
What is thelarche?
What is the mnemonic for the zones of the adrenal cortex?
What is pubarche?
What is adrenarche?
What are the primary functions of aldosterone?
What is the normal age of pubertal onset in males and females?
What are the primary functions of cortisol?
What are the primary functions of DHEA and androstenedione?
At what body weight does puberty begin in girls? In boys?
Is the adrenal medulla affected in CAH?
Why is leptin important in the onset of puberty?
Describe the correct sequence of the HPG axis.
Describe the HPA axis and its negative feedback mechanism.
How early can the neurohormonal process of puberty begin before visible body changes?
What happens to the HPA axis when cortisol is absent?
What is the definition of CAH?
What are the two primary functions of the testes, and which cells perform them?
What feedback does Inhibin B exert, and which cells produce it?
What is the most important status of CAH in the neonatal period?
What is the inheritance pattern of CAH?
What does testosterone modulate in the HPG axis?
What is the role of LH in females?
What is the most important single-line summary of CAH pathophysiology?
List the major types of CAH and their frequencies.
What is the role of FSH in females?
What is the most common type of CAH?
What is the first physical sign of puberty in boys?
What is the prepubertal testicular size?
What are the key features of 11β-Hydroxylase Deficiency?
What are the key features of 17α-Hydroxylase Deficiency?
What is the average adult testicular size?
What is the mechanism of androgen excess in CAH?
At which Tanner stage does the male growth spurt begin? When is it maximal?
What is the correct sequence of pubertal development in males?
What are the clinical manifestations of cortisol deficiency in CAH?
When can sperm be detected in boys, and when is fertility reached?
Why does cortisol deficiency cause hyperpigmentation?
What is the Salt-Wasting Syndrome, and what causes it?
In what sequence does androgenic body/facial hair appear in males?
Describe Tanner Stage II in males.
How does CAH present differently in 46,XX females vs. 46,XY males at birth?
Why are the internal female reproductive organs normal in females with CAH?
Describe Tanner Stage III in males.
Describe Tanner Stage IV in males.
What is the finding on pelvic ultrasound in a 46,XX infant with CAH and ambiguous genitalia?
Does a male newborn with normal external genitalia exclude classic CAH?
What is the first physical sign of puberty in girls?
What is the correct sequence of pubertal development in females?
What is ambiguous genitalia in the context of CAH, and when does it begin?
Describe the features of ambiguous genitalia in affected 46,XX females.
What is the mean age of menarche?
What does the Prader Score measure, and which patients does it apply to?
At which breast Tanner stage does peak height velocity occur in girls?
Describe the five Prader virilization grades.
Describe Tanner breast Stage II in females.
What are the postnatal effects of androgen excess in CAH?
Describe Tanner breast Stage IV in females.
Describe Tanner breast Stage V in females.
Why do children with CAH end up short despite initially being tall?
What is the mnemonic for 21-hydroxylase deficiency?
Describe Tanner pubic hair Stage 2 in females.
What enzyme is deficient in the most common form of CAH, and what does it normally do?
Describe Tanner pubic hair Stage 5 in females.
Where is the CYP21A2 gene located?
What is the definition of precocious puberty?
What is the key difference in LH/FSH levels between central and peripheral precocious puberty?
What is the hallmark hormonal pattern of 21-hydroxylase deficiency?
What is the single most important biochemical marker of 21-hydroxylase deficiency?
What is the most common cause of precocious puberty in girls?
What is the most common cause of central precocious puberty in girls?
Is 17-OHP elevated or decreased in classic CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency?
List the causes of central (gonadotropin-dependent) precocious puberty.
Is ACTH elevated or decreased in classic salt-wasting CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency?
List the causes of peripheral (gonadotropin-independent) precocious puberty.
What are the three clinical forms of 21-hydroxylase deficiency?
Is Kallmann syndrome a cause of precocious puberty? Explain.
What proportion of classic CAH presents as salt-wasting vs. simple virilizing?
Is central precocious puberty in boys commonly idiopathic?
Describe the hormonal profile of the salt-wasting type of CAH.
What does bilateral testicular enlargement (> 4 mL) indicate in a boy with precocious puberty?
When do symptoms of the salt-wasting type of CAH typically appear?
In a boy with precocious puberty, what does small testicular size suggest?
What are the clinical features of salt-wasting CAH in the neonatal period?
What are the typical laboratory abnormalities in salt-wasting CAH?
In a boy with precocious puberty, what does unilateral testicular enlargement suggest?
What is an adrenal crisis in salt-wasting CAH, and how does it present?
In girls with central PP, what features suggest an organic (non-idiopathic) cause?
What is the immediate treatment for adrenal crisis?
What is premature thelarche?
What distinguishes exaggerated thelarche from premature thelarche?
Describe the hormonal profile of the simple virilizing type of CAH.
What is premature adrenarche?
How does the simple virilizing type differ from the salt-wasting type of CAH?
What key feature distinguishes simple virilizing from salt-wasting CAH?
What conditions is premature adrenarche linked to later in life?
What are the clinical features of simple virilizing CAH in males and females?
What is the gold standard investigation for confirming central precocious puberty?
What basal LH level on sensitive assay suggests central precocious puberty?
Describe the nonclassic (late-onset) form of CAH.
Describe the hormonal profile of nonclassic CAH.
What pelvic ultrasound findings support central precocious puberty in girls?
In which patients with precocious puberty is pituitary MRI mandatory?
What are the clinical manifestations of nonclassic CAH?
What is the treatment of central (gonadotropin-dependent) precocious puberty?
What common adult diagnosis can mimic the presentation of nonclassic CAH?
How does severe longstanding hypothyroidism cause precocious puberty?
What is the single most important laboratory test for diagnosing 21-hydroxylase deficiency?
List the initial laboratory workup for suspected CAH.
Name the drug classes used to treat peripheral (gonadotropin-independent) precocious puberty.
What is the definition of delayed puberty in males?
When is pelvic ultrasonography indicated in suspected CAH, and what does it show?
What is the definition of delayed puberty in females?
What are the two main goals of CAH treatment?
What are the two hormone replacement medications used in CAH treatment?
In which sex is delayed puberty more common, and what is the most common cause?
What are the sick-day rules for CAH patients?
What are the three main categories of causes of delayed puberty?
What is constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP)?
What safety measure must all CAH patients carry?
How does bone age behave in CDGP?
What surgical intervention may be required in affected 46,XX females with CAH?
Is CDGP an indication for growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy?
What parameters are monitored during long-term CAH treatment?
What is the long-term prognosis for patients with CAH?
List approved indications for growth hormone replacement therapy.
What is 11β-Hydroxylase Deficiency, and how common is it?
Name examples of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism causing delayed puberty.
What accumulates in 11β-Hydroxylase Deficiency, and what are the consequences?
Name examples of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism causing delayed puberty.
What is Kallmann syndrome? What are its hallmark features?
What is the key hormonal summary of 11β-Hydroxylase Deficiency?
How does 11β-Hydroxylase Deficiency differ from 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency in terms of blood pressure and potassium?
Why does Turner syndrome (45,X) cause delayed puberty, and what are the gonadotropin levels?
A 14-year-old boy has a bone age of 12 years, is 2 SD below his mid-parental height, and has a completely normal history and physical examination. What is the diagnosis?
What is 17α-Hydroxylase Deficiency, and what tissues does it affect?
Which condition is the LEAST likely cause of delayed puberty?
What is the hormonal profile of 17α-Hydroxylase Deficiency?
How does 17α-Hydroxylase Deficiency present in 46,XY males vs. 46,XX females?
Compare virilization across the three main types of CAH.
Compare blood pressure and potassium across the three main types of CAH.
What is the key diagnostic marker for each major type of CAH?
Is CAH likely to cause delayed puberty?