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What is the lifetime risk of breast cancer in women in the USA/EU?
What are the vertical and horizontal borders of the adult female breast?
How much does screening mammography reduce breast cancer mortality, and what is the 5-year survival for Stage I disease?
Which muscles does the breast rest on, and in what proportions?
What is the upper outer quadrant (UOQ) and why is it clinically important?
What are the two standard mammographic views, and what does the arrow in the MLO view indicate?
What is the axillary tail of Spence and why is it surgically important?
What X-ray energy is used in mammography, and what is the radiation dose per complete study?
What is the relationship between breast density and mammographic sensitivity?
At what level is the nipple located, and how many lactiferous ducts open at it?
What are the glands of Montgomery and what are Morgagni tubercles?
What are the four ACR breast density categories and their clinical implications?
What is the cancer risk of extremely dense breasts (ACR 4) vs. almost entirely fatty breasts (ACR 1)?
What type of epithelium covers the nipple and areola?
What factors increase and decrease breast density?
What are the three main components of the breast?
How does the male breast differ from the female breast structurally?
What is mammographic sensitivity by age group?
What are the five typically benign calcification patterns on mammography (BI-RADS 2)?
What are Cooper's ligaments, where are they found, and what is their clinical significance?
What are the suspicious calcification types on mammography, from least to most suspicious?
What is the retromammary space and what is its surgical importance?
What is the most characteristic imaging finding of DCIS on mammography?
What are the two layers of the superficial fascia enclosing the breast?
Skin dimpling in breast cancer is caused by infiltration of which structure?
What is fat necrosis of the breast, and why is it clinically important?
What are the key advantages of DBT over standard 2D mammography?
What are the three main arterial sources supplying the breast?
What is the key limitation of DBT versus standard 2D mammography?
Name the 4 branches of the axillary artery that supply the breast.
Which is the dominant single arterial vessel to the breast and which branch is largest?
What is the preferred initial imaging in a woman under 35 with a palpable breast mass?
What are the malignant features of a breast mass on ultrasound?
Via which three routes does venous drainage of the breast occur?
What are the ultrasound features of a fibroadenoma?
What percentage of breast lymph drains to the axillary nodes vs. the internal thoracic nodes?
Which direction does lymph preferentially drain based on tumor location — medial vs. lateral?
What does "not-parallel orientation" (taller than wide) indicate on breast ultrasound?
What are the ultrasound features of a simple breast cyst?
Name the 5 anatomical groups of axillary lymph nodes and their node counts.
What divides axillary nodes into surgical Levels I, II, and III?
What is the combined sensitivity of mammography + ultrasound + physical examination?
What is the final lymphatic pathway from the apical nodes?
What is the sensitivity and specificity of breast MRI, and when is it superior to mammography?
Why does Level III axillary clearance carry a high risk of arm lymphedema?
What is the sensitivity of MRI vs. mammography in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers?
The total number of axillary lymph nodes is approximately?
What are the ACS indications for annual breast MRI screening?
Name the 4 nerve sources providing sensory supply to the breast skin.
What are the clinical indications for breast MRI?
What is BI-RADS, and which organization developed it?
What is the long thoracic nerve? What does it innervate and what happens if it is injured?
What is the cancer probability for each BI-RADS category?
Is the long thoracic nerve a true content of the axilla? Explain.
What is the thoracodorsal nerve? What does it innervate and what is the consequence of injury?
What is the management for BI-RADS categories 0 through 6?
What is the intercostobrachial nerve (ICBN), what does it supply, and why is it clinically significant?
What is the complete BI-RADS 3 surveillance protocol?
Quick reference — match each nerve injury to its clinical consequence:
What is the decisive advantage of core needle biopsy (CNB) over fine needle aspiration (FNA)?
What are the four breast biopsy methods and their indications?
What are the 4 walls, apex, and base of the axilla?
What is Paget's disease of the nipple, and what is the next step when mammogram and ultrasound are normal?
What are the true contents of the axillary space?
What are the USPSTF and ACS breast cancer screening guidelines?
What are the three types of nipple discharge and their clinical significance?
Which nipple discharge type is most clinically alarming and why?
What is the mammographic finding of a spiculated lesion, and what BI-RADS category does it represent?
Why is breast ultrasound NOT a standalone screening tool?
When does the mammary crest (milk line) appear and what does it form?
What advanced ultrasound technologies are used for breast imaging?
What happens during the second trimester of breast development?
When is the basic framework of the mammary gland established in the fetus?
When is the areola formed embryologically?
What is the state of the mammary gland at term (birth)?
What is branching morphogenesis?
What are the Tanner stages of female breast development? (Stage I–V)
At what age does thelarche (Tanner Stage II) normally begin?
Which Tanner stage represents the first sign of puberty in girls?
What hormonal change triggers pubertal breast development?
What happens to the breast during the first trimester of pregnancy?
What happens to the breast in the second trimester of pregnancy?
What happens to breast stroma during the third trimester?
What structural changes occur in the breast at menopause?
What is polythelia and what causes it?
What is polymastia and where does it most commonly occur?
What causes amastia (absent breast) and when does the developmental arrest occur?
What causes congenital inverted nipple?
What is the primary breast action of estrogen?
What is the primary breast action of progesterone?
What are prolactin's three main roles in breast physiology?
What is oxytocin's role in lactation?
What is the role of cortisol and insulin in lactation?
What is hPL (human placental lactogen) and what does it do?
Name the lactogenic hormone triad.
Estrogen vs. Progesterone — which drives which breast structure?
What is the let-down reflex and what can trigger it besides suckling?